城市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值影响的多情景模拟——以深圳市为例

深圳市作为粤港澳大湾区城市化水平最高、经济最为发达区域，其快速变化的土地利用方式对生态系统服务价值产生了深刻影响。基于1995—2015年深圳市土地利用和生态系统服务价值(ESV)变化规律，运用FLUS模型与ESV算法，设定自然发展、城市发展、耕地保护和生态保护4种情景，模拟不同情景下土地利用变化对ESV的影响。结果表明：(1) 1995—2015年转出量最高的地类是草地，草地与林地间存在密切相互转化关系，除建设用地外，其余地类均呈“入不敷出”态势；(2) 1995—2015年ESV总价值的下降趋势由迅猛变化为和缓，调节服务是深圳市最主要的生态系统服务功能，其次则是支持服务功能；(3)秉持粤港澳大湾区建设基本原则，以2035年为目标年，设定了自然发展、城市发展、耕地保护和生态保护四种情景，发现自然发展和城市发展的ESV总价值损失量较高，建筑面积的增加和草地面积的大规模减少成为两情景下生态系统服务价值减少的关键。生态保护情景下，虽然ESV总价值减少趋势并未有效遏制，但减少量明显少于其余三种情景，成为未来深圳市土地利用优化的最优情景。     

高密度建成区湖滨建筑空间形态对湖泊热缓释效应的影响情景模拟

城市湖泊对于缓解调节城市热岛效应具有重要意义,目前湖滨建筑空间形态对城市湖泊的降温潜力影响作用仍不明晰。以长沙市梅溪湖及周边区域为研究对象,采用实测与CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)数值模拟相结合的方式验证了湖泊的热缓释效应规律,重点探讨了建筑后退湖岸距离、环湖建筑围合程度、临湖建筑高度对高密度建成区湖泊热缓释效应的影响。结果表明:(1)研究所用CFD计算模型对再现高密度建成区湖泊缓释效应的强度和影响范围具有较强的拟合优度,可以有效地作为湖泊水体降温潜力的评价工具,梅溪湖对其下风向550 m范围内的热缓释作用显著。(2)优化湖滨建筑空间形态对于湖泊下风向区域的热缓释作用影响最为明显,最大降温幅度达1.86℃,对湖泊下风向的最大缓释距离可达622 m范围内。(3)不同湖滨建筑空间形态下的湖泊热缓释效能存在差异,其中降低建筑高度和缩小环湖建筑围合程度对湖泊热缓释的积极影响强于增大建筑后退湖岸距离。结论能够加深对城市湖泊水体热缓释效应的认识,有助于规划设计者从整体热环境感知的角度规划建设城市湖滨空间,使得城市湖泊水体的生态效益得到最大优化。     

Relationships of Age and Weekly Running Distance to BMI and Circumferences in 41, 582 Physically Active Women

Objective: To assess in women whether age‐related increases in adiposity are dependent on exercise, and, contrariwise, whether exercise‐related declines in adiposity are dependent on age. Research Methods and Procedures: Cross‐sectional analyses were conducted of 41, 582 female runners. Results: Age affected the relationships between vigorous exercise and adiposity. The decline in BMI per kilometer per week run was linear in 18 to 23 year olds and became increasingly non‐linear (convex) with age. Waist, hip, and chest circumferences declined significantly with running distance across all age groups, but the declines were significantly greater in older than younger women, particularly among shorter distance runners. The relationships between body circumferences and running distance became increasingly convex in older women. Conversely, vigorous exercise diminished the apparent increase in adiposity with age. The increase in average BMI with age was greatest in women who ran <8 km/wk, intermediate in women who ran 8 to 15 km/wk or 16 to 31 km/wk, and least in those who averaged over 32 km/wk. Before age 45, waist circumference rose for those who ran 0 to 7 km/wk, showed no significant relationship to age for those who ran 8 to 39 km/wk, and declined in those who ran 40 to 55 and 56 km/wk and more. Age related‐increases in hip and chest circumferences before 45 years old were significantly less in women who ran longer weekly distances. Discussion: These cross‐sectional associations are consistent with the hypothesis that exercise may mitigate age‐related increases in adiposity and that age affects exercise‐induced reductions in adiposity (although causality remains to be determined experimentally).     

The mechanism for the complexation and dissociation between siRNA and PMAL: a molecular dynamics simulation study based on a coarse-grained model

Abstract

The capacity of silencing genes makes small interfering RNA (siRNA) becomes potential candidates for curing many fatal diseases. Due to the low stability and delivery efficiency of siRNA, the design of amphiphilic carrier for siRNA delivery is vital for the practical gene therapy. In the present work, we explored how the complexation and dissociation of siRNA with poly (maleic anhydride-alt-1-decene) substituted with 3-(dimethylamino) propylamine (PMAL), which is a recent synthesised amphiphilic polymer and can be used in delivery of siRNAs and proteins, using traditional molecular dynamics simulations, together with steered molecular dynamics simulations. It was shown that the complexation of siRNA with PMALs can spontaneously occur, no matter what unit number of PMAL is. PMALs of different unit numbers form micelle-like structures and interact with siRNA surface. With the increase of unit number, PMAL becomes more flexible and interacts with siRNA from attachment to entanglement. The dissociation of PMAL from siRNA is an energy-consuming process. The free energy difference increases with the unit number of PMAL. The free energy for dissociation involves both the stretch of PMAL and the separation of PMAL from siRNA. Therefore, an optimal unit number of PMAL is critical for the delivery efficiency of siRNA when PMAL is used as carrier. In present work, when the radius of gyration of PMAL approaches to that of siRNA, PMAL gives a favoured both complexation and dissociation between siRNA and PMAL. Finally, we propose the mechanism of complexation and dissociation of PMAL with siRNA. The above simulation established a molecular insight of the interaction between siRNA and PMAL and was helpful for the design and applications of new PMAL-based polymers as siRNA delivery carriers.     

珠三角地区科技创新与生态环境的耦合协调发展研究

探究科技创新与生态环境之间的耦合协调关系,是当前我国高质量发展过程中亟待解决的关键问题。通过探讨科技创新与生态环境的耦合协调机制,构建两者的综合评价指标体系,借助物理学耦合协调度模型定量测算2007-2018年珠三角地区科技创新与生态环境的耦合协调度,并对其时空演化特征进行探讨分析。结果表明:珠三角各市的科技创新综合指数与生态环境综合指数均呈现不断上升的趋势,且两者耦合度、耦合协调度也呈现出由低水平向高水平的演进特征。在空间分布上,珠三角地区科技创新与生态环境的耦合协调度呈现出以珠江入海口城市"广深佛莞"为中心,向两侧递减的空间格局。在作用类型上,珠三角多数城市在2007年的科技创新能力起到明显地滞后作用,但随着时间的推移,城市创新能力不断增强,与生态环境之间达到基本协调,甚至高级协调水平;而肇庆市发展相对缓慢,仍处于"基本失调-科技创新受阻型"。以区域高质量发展为引领,通过加大创新要素投入、控制污染物排放、合理布局生态用地等方法提高生态创新,有助于未来珠三角实现科技创新与生态环境协调可持续发展。     

基于水量平衡原理的黄土高原林草植被覆盖度恢复潜力评估

为了科学评价黄土高原林草措施的可持续性，基于林草生态系统蒸散发（ET）与降雨补给之间的水量平衡动态关系，开展林草植被覆盖度恢复潜力研究具有一定的现实意义。利用实测水文气象要素数据和PML_V2 ET、GRACE和MOD13 A1 EVI等遥感产品，阐明了增强型植被指数（EVI）与ET的时空变化特征，构建了ET和EVI的定量响应关系，定量估算了不同降雨情景下黄土高原林草植被覆盖度恢复阈值与恢复潜力。研究结果表明：（1） PML产品基于通量站点观测值与水量平衡公式验证的误差分别为4.5 mm/8d、34.3 mm/a，产品精度优于MOD16 A2 GF。黄土高原2000-2018年多年平均ET为445.36 mm，多年平均EVI为0.17；黄土高原林草植被ET和EVI的增长速率分别为5.08 mm/a和0.0026/a。（2）利用多元逐步回归方法逐像元构建了ET与气象要素和EVI的最优响应关系模型，平均均方根误差（RMSE）为44.5 mm。（3）丰水年、平水年、枯水年不同降雨情景下黄土高原林草植被覆盖度平均恢复阈值为（71.5±37.3）%、（55.6±35.9）%和（22.4±26.0）%；平均恢复潜力为（9.4±30.4）%、（-6.4±23.8）%和（-39.7±26.2）%，平均RMSE为5.7%。（4）林草植被覆盖度恢复潜力存在空间异质性。不同历史降雨情景对干旱指数2.5-4区间的林草植被恢复潜力影响最为剧烈。若未来黄土高原经历长时期平水或枯水年时段，林草植被将会存在不同程度的退化风险。     

Fast stopped-flow microcalorimeter

A fast stopped-flow microcalorimeter using a thermistor and an a.c. bridge is described. Time resolution, limited by the response of the thermistor, is 3 ms for t 1/2 while sensitivity is 100 mu degree C in this bandpass. A reaction requires 0.3 ml of each reactant. The microcalorimeter is adiabatic to within 2% for 2 s and mixing may be repeated every 5 min. Computer finite element simulation techniques (FEST) are used to correct for the thermistor response time and heat losses. Results of tests with reactions of NaOH and HCl, NaHCO3, and HCl, and glyclyglycine and CO2 agree with published kinetic and thermodynamic values to within an experimental error of less than 2%.     

Evening chronotype,late weekend sleep times and social jetlag as possible causes of sleep curtailment after maintaining perennial DST: ain’t they as black as they are painted?

ABSTRACT

People sleep less in response to setting social clocks earlier relative to the sun clocks. We proposed here a model-based approach for estimating sleep loss as the difference between weekend and weekday risetimes divided on the difference between weekend risetime and weekday bedtime. We compared this approach with a traditional approach to estimating sleep curtailment as the difference in weekly average sleep duration in two conditions. Weekday and weekend sleep times reported for 320 samples provided possibility of testing whether evening types with later weekend sleep times and larger social jetlag differ from morning types with earlier weekend sleep times and smaller social jetlag on amount of sleep lost (1) throughout the week and (2) in response to an advance of weekday wakeups, for instance, after the expected installation of perennial Daylight Saving Time (DST). We found that (1) an amount of sleep lost due to advancing shift of weekday wakeups depends upon neither chronotype nor weekend sleep times nor social jetlag, (2) a very large amount of sleep is usually lost by evening types with later weekend sleep times and larger social jetlag and (3) an essential sleep loss is caused by our usual work/school schedules, even in morning types with early weekend sleep times and small social jetlag. As compared to such permanent sleep losses experienced by any types, an additional loss due to switching from Standard Time (ST) to perennial DST are expected to be relatively small. We also found that the traditional way of calculation of sleep curtailment leads to paradoxical conclusions, such as (1) sleep loss is larger when social jetlag is smaller, not larger, (2) sleep loss is larger when weekend sleep times are earlier, not later, (3) despite 1-h difference between two student samples in weekday wakeups, their sleep losses can be identical.     

Nesting ecology of solitary‐nesting Amur Falcons (Falco amurensis) in central Mongolia

Amur Falcons (Falco amurensis) are a migratory species that face a variety of threats across their range, but little is known about their breeding ecology. These falcons breed in forest habitats in Eastern and Central Asia using nests constructed by corvids, including Eurasian Magpies (Pica pica). We monitored nests of 21 pairs of Amur Falcons at Hustai National Park in central Mongolia in 2017. Our objectives were to describe their basic nesting ecology, estimate nest survival by modeling the daily survival rate (DSR), examine nest selection by modeling it as a function of nest and site covariates, and use a spatial simulation to test hypotheses concerning intra‐ and interspecific avoidance. Clutch sizes averaged 4.1 eggs (N = 21 nests), and incubation and nestling periods averaged 25.7 and 26.1 d, respectively. The daily survival rate was 0.98, with young in 12 nests surviving to fledging. Nest structures were more likely to be selected as percent cover of nest bowls increased, usually in the form of a dome of sticks with multiple side entrances. Closed nests likely provide increased protection from predators. In contrast to congeneric Red‐footed Falcons (F. vespertinus) that nest in large colonies, Amur Falcons nested no farther from or closer to nests of either conspecifics or congeners than expected by chance. One factor likely contributing to this difference is that Red‐footed Falcons often use the nests of colonial‐nesting Rooks (Corvus frugilegus), whereas Amur Falcons typically use the nests of non‐colonial Eurasian Magpies. The ongoing loss of deciduous trees like white birch (Betula platyphylla) across the breeding range of Amur Falcons, probably due to climate change and increased grazing pressure, is likely to reduce the availability of nesting habitat for Eurasian Magpies which, in turn, will likely reduce availability of nests for Amur Falcons and other small falcons.